Saturday, December 08, 2012

Twelve days of waiting....

I want to thank everyone who prayed for our family as we travelled from Salt Lake to San Diego to await Barbara's passing on Nov. 24, 2012, the Saturday morning after Thanksgiving.


We left to drive to San Diego on a Tuesday evening.
The first six hours of driving we were just quietly together, and so thankful that the snow storms that had brought several feet of snow to our area just a few days earlier were long gone.
Traffic was light; often there were no other cars on the road around us.
The lights of Las Vegas were easy to see in an otherwise dark time of travel.

Bernie had been able to book us into the Orleans Hotel there, at an incredible under $40 a night rate.
God seemed to be minding details for us like that.
I had to smile at where we were staying as New Orleans is one of my most favorite places to visit.
Tears continued to well up at unexpected moments during our brief over night stay but there were smiles too.
The room had a shower with an etched glass window that framed a perfect rosy morning sunrise.
The sunrise...brought me joy.

Then there were things that served to make us smile.
Who wouldn't chuckle at seeing a Santa Claus hatted alligator before breakfast?

Overhead carnival motif presented cheer in every direction.
We shared a breakfast of Banana Fosters French toast and crayfish cake topped eggs Benedict.
I never would have expected that in our hurry to get to San  Diego for the last moments with my beloved mother-in-law there would also come a gift of memories of happy times in New Orleans, revisited in Las Vegas.
If only Barbara could of been with us...she would have been belly laughing at the silly alligators and going "yummy!" over the Banana Fosters French toast too.

We still had six hours of driving ahead of us from Las Vegas to San Diego, and we were unsure if we would arrive in time to say a final good bye.
Thankfully we had had so many good conversations since we knew this time was coming that we could travel knowing all the important things had been said already.
As we came into San Diego county, the sky configured into the most unusual cloud formation.

We didn't stop...I clicked a picture through the windshield with my cell phone, shooting through the tinted top of the windshield.
That tinted part of the glass made the captured image even more interesting.

Shooting out the side window I captured the sun glowing through the off shore fragmented cloud layers.

We stopped to fill up at a small gas station.
The clouds can still be seen in the furrowed form above the station's roof.
Librarian me enjoyed the fact the gas station owner had taken the trouble to provide some background information about the area.
(Wish more gas stations would do that!)

We arrived safely in San Diego and were able to stay with at home until the end.
We learn that she had been glancing at her bedroom door and asking if we had arrived ever since we had left SLC.
We sat next to her bed and she asked for her glasses to see us.
Her daughter Shari (Bernie's sister) handed her her glasses and she put them on, but they were of no use.
She had lost her vision already.
She slowly took her glasses, folded them up and smiled as we spoke our love to her.

We held hands and just smiled and wiped tears silently.
She had decreed that no one was to be sad in her room...if we were choked up or sad we had to leave.
We didn't choke.
But we did weep silently.
Each of us staying in the home (Bernie's father Hal, Bernie's sister Shari, our daughter Laura and later Shari's son Michael) took turns sitting with Barbara, sometimes alone, sometimes in pairs, and sometimes all of us would gather around her together in an unspoken rhythm of love.

Laura and Shari took turns helping Barbara sit up or turn from side to side.
She spoke little but with smiles or frowns or small sounds let her needs be known.
They were simple needs: an ice chip, chapstick, lotion on hands, her hair brushed back.
We all smiled when she would wake in the morning and attempt to tidy her hair with her eyes still closed.

So we arrived in San Diego on a Wednesday, a week before Thanksgiving.
 That day Barbara was able to say a few sentences.
Two days later she was no longer speaking more than a simple word.
After that she fell silent.
The hospice team and Laura kept us informed of how she was doing.
Barbara herself had said she was in no pain and was not on any pain meds, just an anti nausea and a calming/anti-anxiety med via a port.
Occasionally Barbara would sit up and reach up above with her hand, her eyes looking up and away, a huge smile on her face.
We knew this is common at the end of life but I had never seen this before.
Do the dying see heaven?
 Barbara was asked if anyone was in the room with her...and Barbara said she saw Mark waiting in the corner.
Just Mark, Bernie's younger brother, a Christian, who had passed away three years ago.
At another time just before we arrived Barbara was heard to say "I am sorry...I didn't know...I didn't understand...I didn't know..." in a sorrowfully tone.  She paused, silent for a few moments, then she broke into a huge smile and her whole body relaxed.
Who was she talking to?
I can only imagine it was a conversation that included a place of forgiveness.

San Diego is a beautiful place to visit in autumn.
There is little in the way of fall colors, but there are seasonal changes to see.

Between the bronzed back magnolia leaves, pods are oozing out shiny blood red seeds,

The inland warmth causes coastal fogs that make the shimmering palms overhead look mystical.

A tiny sun struggles to break though the mist; pastel light brushes everything with a cool damp sheen.

Mornings became afternoons; afternoons became evenings, and then each night we said our good nights to each other and to the now silent Barbara, kissing her forehead and wondering if she would still be alive in the morning.
The house became a sacred space of golden light.
Barbara's bedroom caught the eastern and western light and soft hymns played constantly as she slept and woke in her own rhythm.
We ate take home Chinese meals, Mexican meals, and cooked up steaks.
I took a short break after six days to see a movie, and to visit my own parents.
On the sidewalk in front of their house the neighbor kids had drawn an epic game of hopscotch.
The poignancy of the simple things in life struck me hard as each day passed.
Laura slept on a mattress on the floor beside Barbara for two nights after she heard a sound that was different.
Barbara was having seizures.
Laura slept with one hand on Barbara, aware even in sleep as only a nurse granddaughter could be.
The next day additional medication controlled the seizures.  Barbara was no longer able to even take ice chips; she had had no food for twelve days and no water for six.
I did not think it was possible to go so long without water; Laura told me that she had seen hospice patients survive for weeks without fluids of any kind.

************
(Note: Barbara had experienced horrible stomach pain and vomiting after eating before we arrived and the doctor explained that most likely a tumor was blocking part of digestive system, part of the spreading of the already incurable pancreatic cancer.  Exploratory surgery perhaps could unblock the system but at this point in the illness the trauma of the surgery would be pointless. Barbara had already determined she did not want to undergo tube feeding, preferring to let her body shut down as it would naturally and in the most painless way possible.)

********************

Laura had just a week or so earlier returned from a two week trip to Spain and Italy; on Thanksgiving Day she was to fly to Germany for a week.
She had been able to talk over these plans with Barbara weeks earlier.
Barbara said go...and enjoy your life.
We had seven days with Laura before she had to work a day and get ready to leave.

The next day our son Jeff, his wife Rachel and his son Luke arrived after their drive out from Salt Lake.
The small reunion was a happy moment for a great grandfather, and all of us.
The little family sat beside Barbara as she seemingly slept.
Luke crowed and made baby sounds, and patted his great grandmother's hand.
Did Barbara know he was there?
It didn't matter.
It just mattered that it felt right for him to be in the golden lit room with her as we talked together. 

(A picture taken of Luke considering the great Mexican food that he was not allowed to eat on their drive down from Salt Lake to San Diego.)

Day nine into our wait was Thanksgiving Eve. 
We had discussed what to do for the traditional Thanksgiving meal.
We had no idea if Barbara would still linger...or how many family members might be able to come join us for a meal.
A pre-cooked meal was ordered at the local grocery store and the next day Barbara was still with us.
Rachel helped set a simple table.
Left to right: 
Rachel, Jeff, Hal, Bernie, our nephew Tim and his wife Danielle, Shari, and our nephew Michael.
Tim lives in San Diego, Michael in New Mexico.
It was an added blessing to us that Michael was available to be with us for over ten days.
He was in the Middle East on business when we learned Barbara's time was short.
His wife was in San Diego attending her own grandmother's funeral; Mary visited with us and said her good byes; the next day she flew home to NM and Michael flew in to San Diego to stay for the duration and to be a support to his mom as Shari's husband was recovering from hand surgery in Kentucky.
I have heard it said that death is never convenient.
We were bless that this time of waiting somehow managed to fit into all of our schedules.
A good enough meal was served.
And the house smelled wonderful as pies were baked and other side dishes were cooked as well.
Could Barbara enjoy the scent of pumpkin pie and turkey from her room just down the hall from the kitchen?
I like to think so.
I think she somehow knew her family was in the house for Thanksgiving again.


I wondered how families manage with love ones slowly dying in hospitals.
What a gift it was that Barbara had decided to never leave her home; a decision that allowed us as a family to be together night and day in relative comfort that could never be found in a hospital or nursing home.
The days melted one into another.
One day it rained a bit...mostly it was sunny and bright, and unseasonably warm.
I was so glad I had at the last moment tossed a pair of shorts into my suitcase; at the time it seemed crazy to do so with a foot of snow outside our own house.
It was well into the 80s in San Diego.

I visited my parents again and was amused to see that a poinsettia cane stuck into the ground in their back yard last winter had grown well up and was now bobbing over my head.
Jeff and Rachel and the baby stayed with my folks during their visit.

Another brief getaway moment the day after Thanksgiving with my BFF Gail.
She lives in Colorado; her parents, like mine, live in San Diego.
We often have opportunity to see each other in San Diego over holidays for an hour or so.
This time we were able to go out for breakfast at the mall.
As we walked and talked a bit, Gail spotted a photo booth.
Sharing that as a kid her parents always told her it was too expensive to take photo booth pictures, she now greatly enjoys taking advantage of getting photo booth pictures taken whenever the opportunity is possible.
I am smiling as I write this...this is one of the reason why I love my friend Gail so much.
She looks for and finds reasons to be happy and celebrate the good things in life, including chances to take photo booth pictures in the morning after Thanksgiving!

This vigil awaiting the death of a love one was a first for me.
I had a few things to learn that I don't thing anyone would have ever dared to tell me about ahead of time.
I am going to dare to share some of what I learned that is both funny and useful information.

The first days we spoke in hushed tones, and sat with Bibles in hand, with tears leaking from our eyes.
I think it was the second day that several of us were quietly sitting beside a sleeping Barbara when my sister-in-law came into the room and softly asked what we would like on our pizza as her son Tim (who owns a pizza parlor) was coming down with pizza for all of us.
Now picture this:
Soft hymns are playing, and the room feels like a sacred space.
And now the question is posed: 
Do you want pepperoni?
Sausage?
Olives?
It just felt so weird have such a question asked in such a space!
Two hours later I was discovering how great Tim's pizza tasted, and how much my body and soul needed such lovingly prepared good food.
Funny...our family often enjoyed eating pizza whenever we gathered there.
Barbara always loved having pizza with all of us.
And her sometimes stuffy old daughter-in-law Jill learned something that day:
Pizza is a wonderful food to eat even when one is sad and in tears.
I had a dear friend who had been through the death of several loved ones and she was kind enough to both pray for me and let me email her my thoughts and observations over the days.
I wrote her about how weird I found it to be to be asked about pepperoni beside a dying loved one.
She wrote back her own experience of having a loved one pass away during a long night vigil, and while awaiting the removal of the body, finding herself trying to locate a bakery where muffins could be bought to feed the mourning family.
As she put it:
"the living go on living".
So true.
What she didn't know was how susceptible I am to any mention of food.
The next morning I woke up hungry for....muffins.
I wrote her that...she wrote back she would pray that someone would bring us muffins.
I did not mention any of this correspondence to anyone...
(No one was bringing us food, save one enchilada casserole one night; muffins were definitely not something to be expected.)
Two, three more days went by.
Shari and Michael took a short break to go visit other family in the area one evening.
I went to bed around 11pm, and uncharacteristically awoke at 5 am.
Got up and went into the kitchen where to my utter amazement sat a huge box of bakery muffins!
I wrote my friend an email: Her muffin prayer had mysteriously been answered, and perhaps we should have asked for world peace instead?
(Adding to the surrealness of finding muffins: My father-in-law slept with the television on during the night and as I beheld the muffins in the dark there was the background music of an old silent movie era movie playing, and my nephew was gently snoring on the couch in the family room. It felt a bit like how it feels to be alone beside a lit Christmas tree in the middle of the night on Christmas eve.)

Another moment of joy: We took a walk down to the beach and I got to see the first time Luke had even been in a swing.
His smile and the laugh was so healing to my very heavy heart.


For twelve days we were together around the clock as a family in a way that we had never been together before.
Bernie and his sister had never spent so much time together since they were teens.
Bernie and I had never had more than an evening together with Michael since he was a child.
In short and long conversations we got to know each other as family and as adults.
Laura and Michael talked as adults too; Michael had married while Laura was in her early teens and he had left the area soon after.
As each day passed and we wondered how much longer Barbara would last, we experienced a beautiful time together.
We slept in bedrooms, couches, and on mattresses on the floor.
Mornings found us taking turns for the shower, grabbing coffee and sharing the newspaper.
I often had wondered what it would be like to share a home with extended family as is the custom in many cultures.
I found having family about me was wonderful, comforting, friendly, kind and I reflected on how often I felt very lonely in my empty nest home with just "us two" and some goofy cats.
Day eleven came...Bernie and I, Jeff and Rachel all would be needing to leave the next day, and Michael would need to fly home the day after.
We wondered how it would feel if we had to leave while she lived.
Day eleven there was a subtle change in Barbara.
Hospice came and helped bath her in the bed, and told us it was no longer necessary to turn her every four hours.
We looked for the signs of passing and saw none save a slightly longer exhale than inhale.
We went to bed wondering again if this would be our final time of saying "Good night Mom, I love you."

Saturday morning, day 12, Nov. 25, Hal awoke early, as was his way.
He checked on Barbara, holding her hand and putting his face close to hers.
She breathed still.
He left the room and ten minutes later came back again...and she was gone.
He called Michael to check, then called for Bernie and Shari.
It was about 8:40 am, another beautiful golden sunlit morning.
Barbara looked peaceful with the morning sun streaming into her room and had I not noticed that she was not breathing I would not have been able to tell that she was gone.
Someone called Hospice.
We were all still in our pajamas, in tears, and each of us found ourselves hugging and crying and somehow rejoicing that Barbara was having her first beautiful morning in heaven.
I had a moment by myself alone with her body.
I touched her forehead and tearfully thanked her for her final gift to us:
She passed in the beauty of a sunlit morning instead of in the darkness of night.
And thanked her that she waited until the morning when we had to leave, and not a moment sooner, giving us the gift of precious and healing family time together.

The hospice nurse came, confirmed the death and called for someone to come to pick up Barbara's body.
Hal had asked that we all stay only until the body was removed, and asked that we leave immediately afterwards as he wished to be alone.
For twelve days we all had kept our suitcases and personal belongings tightly gathered knowing that we would be needing to leave quickly after her passing, not trusting that in such a moment our wits would be around us enough to find scattered belongings.
As it turned out, something of ours was left behind.
Our family Bible...was left beside Barbara's bed.

By eleven we were driving back to Utah with Jeff and Rachel with us in a casual convoy.
We spent the night in Mesquite where we had dinner together.
Sunday was spent driving past snow capped mountains in southern Utah, a beautiful part of the state that lends itself well to much needed quiet reflection.
And then we were home again.

I wanted to write about the twelve days before now, but it all seemed rather unreal once we got home.
Mail had stacked up while we were gone, and Christmas trimming was to be seen lighted up in the neighborhood.
This year I decorated my house for Christmas early.
Missing that golden glow of Barbara's room and family affection, I chose to trim our tree in gold and silver.
I think about how her days have passed in heaven.
And how we who remain go on living, and celebrating, knowing that one day we will have a time to hug once more  in heaven.
 

Tuesday, November 13, 2012

Sad time.


This photo was taken Nov 5th, last year.
My mother-in-law Barbara came out to visit around Bernie's  birthday as she so often did.
Things were starting to get tough.
I deliberately chose not to share our trials on my blog as I wished for my blog to be a soothing place to visit.
I feel like the time to be open about this past year has come
I had started a new job that I didn't like and was facing a heart procedure in a few weeks.
A rift with another family member took place during the Nov. 5th visit.
Tears were shed and continue to be shed over that by all of us.
By the end of January of this year we had gone through several painful events:
I was in pain from the heart procedure.
My son lost his job with his first child due in three months; thankfully he found a new job within two months
Two days later I lost my job too.
I am still out of work.
And then things really got bad.

Mid February we got a call that Barbara was experiencing jaundice.
Adult jaundice typically signals pancreatic cancer; and this was true for her.
Knowing this we went to be with her in San Diego for her 82 birthday in early March.
The picture above was taken on that birthday day.
So many of you sent her warm birthday wishes, some of you knowing at the time what we knew.
The doctors said she had four to six months to live; there really was nothing that could be done to fix the cancer. She chose bravely and wisely hospice care over trying any extraordinary procedures that offered little hope.
Our prayer was that she would make it to her 60th wedding on Dec. 3rd.
Today we learned that the end is very near.
Bernie and I will be driving tonight to San Diego to be with her and Hal.
The 60th anniversary will be celebrated with memories only.
We have been so thankful that she had four extra months and that for the most part she felt well and at peace.
Her faith is strong; she told me yesterday that as she feels her body failing she also feels her spirit expanding.
I know soon she will be rejoined with her younger son Mark who left us for heaven three years ago this December.

Barbara has been a wonderful mom and mother-in-law and grandmother to our children.
During the past ten years we have traveled together to Hawaii, Scotland, around Texas, Colorado and Utah.
We had often spoken of how we planned on having her go along with us as we traveled after we retired.
I admit I am most dismayed that those adventures will not come to pass after all and that there will be no more visits with her in my home.

It has been a difficult year in so many ways; it has been a blessing to have her alive to meet her 7th great grandchild Luke, and to see  the first of her grandchildren get a Masters degree, and to have her feel well for the most part.
Bernie was able to go be with her every month and I was able to visit a few times too.
Each visit...was precious.

(Barbara, my daughter Laura and I in Scotland...oh the fun we had and the memories we made!)

Yesterday we talked and cried and laughed together over the phone.
Everything that needs to be said has been said.
Please be praying for us as we drive; Bernie has an injured knee that is adding physical pain to his emotional pain.
Pray that her passing will be easy.
Pray for the days ahead for her beloved Hal, and for peace to be restored with our estranged family member.
And pray that somehow, someday, there will be no more cancer.
 

Monday, November 12, 2012

Snowstorming


Vee asked: How did I feel about our weekend visitor, Winter Storm Brutus.
Frankly, I enjoyed every snow flake.

We were well prepared for such as an event as a city and as a family.
The fact that it happened on a weekend was a blessing too.
Far less commuting was needed so the storm related roadway incidents were few.
That's not to say none; we watched a BMW slide backward down the sloped road in front of our house.
We read of people who put snow chains on the rear tires of their front wheel drive cars and vice versa.
First time snow storms are a real learning curve for new folks to our area.

There were power outages around the area.
We were without cable and internet service for a bit.

Bernie cleared our driveway many times.
Our dear neighbor Oliver came over in the early morning with his snow blower and cleared the over night snowfall for us without even waking us up.
If any neighbor had a storm related need I am sure it would have been met somehow by one or between the skills and supplies of all of us.

I am truely thankful that Utah takes emergency, storm and disaster preparedness seriously.
I have lived in cities where an inch of snow was a disaster.
Schools in one city were shut down mid day upon receiving a half inch of snow and the children sent home, regardless of whether there were parents there to receive them or not.
Stores were stripped bared 24 hours before an over night freeze.
People simply did not know what to do!

Here at our house we got 16 inches on our deck. Our neighborhood got 27 inches in 48 hours.
The most snowfall at the SLC airport record was broken.

This picture was taken the day before the storm arrived.
We were warned and warned it was coming.
Can you see what is lurking in the picture above?

It may seem like an ordinary autumn scene but if one happened to be a bird...it would be a situation to be avoided!

Which brings me to write a bit about disaster preparedness.
First let me disclaim a couple of things:
I am not saying we as a couple are totally are prepared for all possible crisis.
And I recognize there is a difference between sudden disaster and an approaching identifiable and forewarned crisis situation.

It took a few "crisis" situation to happen before I started paying attention to the call to prepare.
Like the yellow sign that is posted in the above scene, the heads up warnings started to really matter to us after experiencing an evacation for an approaching tsuami, two hurricanes, a tropical storm, a attack on American soil, an earthquake and wild fire.
(Not all at once thank heaven!)

The evacuation for the tsuami happened when I was ten.
We had about two hours to pile whatever we felt we needed into our car.
In those innocent 1960's days we took what we thought would get us through a day or so.
And wondered as we sat atop a mountain if anyone was looting our unprotected neighborhood.
The tsuami never arrived at our place, but up the west coast other cities were wiped out.

The first week of January 2001 I started a job on the 47 floor of a downtown Houston high rise.
My boss took me to a window and pointed out some railway tracks in the distance.
She told me that during heavy rain storms I should watch the tracks. If they went under water then we would be trapped in the city.
I looked at her in amazement.
Surely she was joking.
She explained that that had been an experience of hers, and that once every 100 years Houston goes under water.
She thought that that event was the 100 year event but she wasn't quite sure.
Five months later Tropical Storm Allison looped in a lazy circle over Houston and dropped 37 inches of rain in 48 hours, creating over $5 billion dollars in damages, lost lives and a city literally underwater.

We watched on television (being just north enough of the city to retain power) the disaster unfolding.
The worse was watching the panel of disaster specialists from the Red Cross and from area churches and civic groups.
People were invited to call in with their needs; a woman called with five kids under the age of four whose home was in chest deep water.
She needed help.
Another woman called saying she was likewise in a flooded area and in a wheelchair.
To both of these calls the Red Cross advised going to their relief center with identification and paperwork to get help.
That response was a huge to us and not in a good way.
***
The spokeperson from the area churches shouldered the Red Cross spokesperson aside.
She asked for the caller's address and said someone would come get them in a boat immediately.
Across Houston churches and individuals fanned out to go to the places needed to meet needs of neighbors near and far.

3 1/2 months later it was 9/11.
Downtown Houston was advised to evacuate.
We were both downtown.
I called Bernie.
Then my phone and everyone around me phones went dead as the cellular towers went on overload.
Bernie was able to pick me up at the curb of my workplace and we drove out of the city.
It went into total gridlock behind us.

Katrina...was next.
My friends in Florida had gone through a series of devistating hurricanes and we had just gone through our own Allison storm.
We knew their need to prepare and evacuate was serious.
We watched in horror as the storm arrived and the disaster followed.
We knew help does NOT instantly arrive.
In fact...months later...homes in Houston were still ruined from Allison, and Florida likewise had taken months to marginally recover from their storms.

Later for us was Hurricane Rita.
We were told to shelter in place as we were unlikely to be in any danger from the storm.
Closer to the coastline people were told to evacuate in waves.
They did.
And they took both their cars, their motor homes, their boat and everything else they could find that could roll up the highway.
My friend Kate told me it took her 6 hours to drive 11 miles.
The gridlock...and all those vehicles being driven at once quickly sucked all the area gas stations dry.

We had one tree fall on our house during Rita.
Our neighbor had a tree fall straight through their roof.
Thankfully they had evacuated.
All the neighbors pitched in to tarp the roof to protect the home's interior.
Because we were neighbors...and we took care of each other.
We had food, fuel, chainsaws, batteries, water...the usual items.
 
I could go on and on about my brushes with disasters.
Each event taught us a lot.
Especially that when you hear about 100 year storms or 25 year wild fires or 300 year earthquakes...we learned that they tend to arrive pretty much on schedule!
We soon had plans for evacuation by car, by bike and on foot, in heat and in cold.
We had plans for sheltering in place, in heat and in cold.
We had plans for how to manage a disaster if we were not in the same city...Bernie is often on the east coast or traveling anywhere from Canada, Mexico or the UK.
Our plans are a work in progress.
Thankfully our current city is one of the most disaster prepared cities in America.
We drill for disasters in our neighborhood yearly.
(One part of the drill: We put a towel by our front door to signal we are OK. In a disaster emergency personel doesn't have to knock on our door if we are all right if they see a towel. How simple is that?)
I plan to post what I know about preparedness soon.
Again, not because I am the final word on the subject but because it is helpful to share and learn from others and I know someone out there probably  has a great tip that I hadn't thought of before.
For example, just a few days ago I learned that a wick stuck into a can of Crisco will burn for a solid month.
That sure beats hoping there would be enough candles and matches to light a fire nightly, or flashlight batters for the duration.
The wick goes inside the plastic lid until needed with some matches...easy to store, and find!
****
In the meantime may I suggest some really gripping and thought generating reading?
"One Second After" by William Forstchen is a great read.
It is a novel about what it could it be like when in just one second the country totally lose all electrical power.
The book is slightly out of date but the story line is great and will definitely spark some discussion about how you and yours would manage.
It isn't really a far fetched senario either.
One second after you finish reading this post...would you be able to manage if all you have from now on is what you have right now in your house?
Think about it.
No running water.
No electronics.
No functioning cars.
No production or distribution of medication.
Tough times for sure.
I happen to believe people are tough and with some preparedness they will be able to survive.